Over the past seventy years or so, Pakistan has relied largely on a natural comparative advantage in such primary products as cotton, food crops, and livestock to develop an export base in goods of just around $32 billion in 2024. This base is modest in scale (barely around 8.5% of GDP) and low in value addition. It consists largely of products based on low-skilled labor and simple technology. The production of these items does not feature the sort of linkages and learning that allow for entry into more complex product lines known to be associated with high value addition and productivity. Indeed, Pakistan seems stuck with a stagnant and unchanging export basket, dominated by the same broad set of items that it had thirty or so years ago.